is Smartphone Dangerous for Children?

Smartphone for children

Recent day, gadget use is dominance for adult. Smartphone, tablet, notebook, and other gadgets are used by our children now. This phenomenon usually found in rich family where the gadget is not an expensive thing for them. Some children are facilitated by their parent because the parent do not want to accompany  their children in certain time. There are parent that want their children to be close with gadget. Those children really want a gadget, and the parents buy a gadget for them.

I think children are really easy to access the applications in their gadget. It does not take time for them to access and master in some applications. In other sides, there are many benefits from gadget to children. Children will be aware and know about the gadget. Vendors made a game to help children in brain development such as like puzzle, words game, and something like that. Children that play gadget or smartphone will always stay at home, this is good for busy parents, if the children are in home, they will be easy having activity without worrying their children. Some parents buy smartphone for their children so that they can monitor their children position. In kidnapping risky district, it can prevent children from kidnapping. But in other side, smartphone or gadget can have negative effects for children. The smartphone can be positive and negative. For the negative effects, it might be instant or later effects.

We have already talked about negative effects or smartphone, from that article we know that smartphone have an extraordinary negative impact for our health, but as we know that children also have a smartphone. Actually they are the victim of parent ignorance. Parent gives their children a smartphone without know the effects of smartphone its self to children. The parent may think that if their children have a smartphone, the children will be aware of technology. That is parents expectation. But, their expectation is totally a mistake, because the negative effect from smartphone to a children is worse than adult. Here are the negative effects of smartphone to children:

Electromagnetic Radiation

It is different between under-five years old children and adult, the children is much more risky from environment danger. We know that every gadget have an electromagnetic exposure that can influence the body. It is not only danger for adult but also children, it is danger for children with high exposure with electromagnetic because the nerves of children are developing. And the electromagnetic radiation can block this development. And the result for this condition is pending cognitive development in children, the children will be hard to have a concentration about something.

Psychomotor Problems

Spending time in front of smartphone will make delay children abilities. One of them is psychomotor ability. Children should explore and develop their psychomotor ability such as drawing, singing, and playing. During these activities, other abilities are developing too. For instance, drawing, children will develop their right brain, playing, it can develop children socialization ability.

Adaptation in Lessons

Application and operating system serve multimedia interaction. Coloring games and animation make children feel comfortable spending their time in front of the smartphone. While school time, children will feel so familiar with smartphone, and they will be difficult to get lessons from school. The school method is like monotone. It is like black and white without animation, so it can make the children feel bored.

Addiction

Although addiction problem tends to adults, parent must stay focus on smartphone addiction for their children. Without parent guidance, the children can be a gadget-holic or smartphone addiction.

Attention Deficit

Smartphone in children will make the children do not aware of around. They just focus on smartphone till they forget about everything. Children with smartphone tend to have a naughty characteristic, resistance.

Growth Problem

If smartphone is used by children in wrong position such as lying down or look down in long time, so it will disturb the physical development directly.

Bad Moral

Children tend to have a bad moral that is caused by online interaction in smartphone, and all of information in Internet is easy to access for children. Internet is an information center in this world, there are many information that not need to know by children. If those informations are known by children, they will have a bad moral.

Based on the explanation about negative effects of smartphone to children above is very dangerous for children. If parent has no active role to control their children to use a smartphone, the children will get the bad impact of those mistake parenting pattern. But, parent do not have to worry about it, there are some guides for parent if they want to give smartphone for their children:

1. Be a digital parent, do not make high technology as a ghost for children. Before buying a smartphone for children, you must be good at it. Invite your children to show the application or game that they love. Before that, you must find the application or game information so that you can filter whether good or not for your children. This moment can be a quality time between parent and children. Online world is like a playground for children. You can be part of children online world. If your children active in social media, but you do not have a social media account, you have to make it soon.
2. Choose based on need. There are many smartphone. According to me, under 13 years old children does not need to be bought a smartphone, low end phone (only call and sms fiture) is enough. Internet connection for children is limited, for chatting without browsing only is better for them. This is the cheapest and safest choice.
3. Use password. Password is available in every smartphone. Ask you children to use a smartphone if their phone is missing, phone number, and data should not be accessed by other people.
4. Use restriction menu. Android or iOS system smartphone have a restriction menu for some application. If it is on, the applications cannot be downloaded, opened or accessed. For iOS, chose setting – general – restriction – enable restrictions. For android, tab market app – settings- content filtering – maturity level – lock or set / change PIN. In this case you must manage restriction menu for browser application or youtube.
5. Block negative content. It is depend on children age, you may choose whether free access or blocked access. You have to check the activity of you children in smartphone or their tablet. For you who want to control the children smartphone, there is an application for parental control. Calling, sms, mms, email, photo, and video can be controlled well. But this moment, I will not explain about that application, you may check it on Google play store or apple store.
6. Save history chat . if the children have been exposed in chatting world, parent must give an attention that children should not talk with stranger. Basically, it is from real world adaptation. Children must be well mannered while chat with their friends. For messenger application such as MSN Live messenger or yahoo messenger, and BBM, there is a chat history. You may choose whether save the chat history or not.
7. Pornography warning. Pornography trigger dopamine hormone in human brain, it will decrease the analysis abilities, attention, and norm. Because of that, sexting (sending vulgar content via smartphone) must be explained to children. But, the parent must give an attention of sex education for their children, because sex education is based on children age.
   

   

   Parent guidance is needed

8. It is better if parent know about the children game, to know what kind of online game that is played by children can prevent all of the  negative impact of that game. You may check whether that game is good or not in game review in internet.
9. Be a friend or a follower in social media, so that you can check your children’s friend on social media. Avoid reprimand or bad comment that make your children embarrassed your children in social media. Ask your children to introduce their friends  to you, otherwise you must introduce your friend too to your children.
10. Be wise in social media, update your status or picture that is in detail and privacy is a risky action. Give children about the dangerous of privacy sharing in social media. Especially for adolescence, remind about the danger of sending a body part picture to other people.
11. Optimize the privacy settings. Learn privacy setting in facebook to choose what things that need to share to public or just for friends. Not only that but also chose account privacy or public in twitter in setting menu.
12. Beware of cyber bullying, cyber bullying such as like sexual abuse or posting a threat is a risky thing in social media. It is better if children know the negative impact of cyber bullying and how to overcome it. If your children as a victim, remind them not to revenge. While this case occurred in chatting, leave chat room immediately and block the person that do cyber bullying from children account. If it is possible, take a screenshot of that chat and report it to police or children protection organization.
13. Control your children with check in location in facebok, foursquare, Koprol, or Path, those application should not be used by children. Explain the risk of kidnapping if many people know where children are.

I conclude that smartphone is not only have a good side, but negative side. We have to be a smart parent before we want to buy a gadget or smartphone for our children. We have to compare whether good to buy a smartphone or not. Then, be a good parent.

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Smartphone Effect Toward Health

This time, technoly is in dominance, we usually called this era as digital era. The development of technology is so fast. Let's focus on commonl technology that we usually use, smartphone. This smartphone is not an expensive stuff now, even a children have it. The coast of this smartphone is about hundret dolar for the cheapest one. It is because the producent have to attract the consumers to buy thier products. The product that usually we found in market are Blackberry OS and Android Os such as Samsung, Oppo, etc , and Apple OS. In this digital era, who do not need a smartphone? Of course, smartphone is like a high tech mechine from our body. Most people feel so proud with thier smartphone, and it will be more proud if that smartphone is in update spesificatoin. Each of smartphone product have aventages and disadventages.

The communication among us is very easy nowadays. Only operate an aplication in smartphone in our hand, we can comunicate with our partners, parents, and everyone around the world. Smartphone is like unseparateable device from our life. We usually use it from morning to night. But, dont you know the negative effects of smartphone? Perhaps we do not know it yet. The question is " Is it harmful for us if we always use our smartphone for times?" Here are some effect that may appear after having a long time in front of smartphone screen. I will divide the negative effects of smartphone into two groups; Physical changes and Psychology changes.

Physical Changes

Computer Vision Syndrome.

Computer Vision Syndrome Ilustration

In medical terminology, the eye problem during computer use called Computer Vision Syndrom / CVS. It has many sign and symptoms because of spend time in front of the screen, not only computer screen but also smarphone screen.  The symptoms are like dry eyes. Normally we blink about 16 to 20 times per minute, but when we look at computer or smarphone screen we just blink about 6 to 8 times per minutes. Slowwer than normal blink. Blinking our eye will wet our eye ball, but if we do not blink well, our eye ball will dry.

This effect is known well by us if we spend long time in front of the smartphone. It is qouted from  CuriousMob, The Vision Council’s 2005 Digital Eye Strain Report, it said that 37% people spend 9 hours in front of the smartphone at least. 7 from 10 people report hat they have eye tense sign and symptoms such as like dry eye, irritation, readness, and continous headache, fatigue, and even hypermetrophy.

So, how to overcome it? we need to limit our time in front of the smartphone, do not use smartphone in bed time, do not use smartphone in long period of time (if it uses perfectly with PC), and rest our neck.

Hearing Problem

Smartphone is not only bad for the eye, but also for ear. We usually use our smartphone and listen to music, if we listen the music with high volume of speaker in long period of time, it  will lead to hearing loss.  But, it is much more danger if we fall asleep while we listen a music with earphone or headset plug on.  So just need to manage our time during earphone or headset plug on, low the volume and turn off a music while we want to sleep. Do not use earphone or headset all day long. Give a rest of our ear to listen normally.

Hearing loss may be caused by high volume from smartphone

Back Bone Problem

While we look down, about 60 degree to check our smartphone, it is like make our head heavier. Because of that, it made our neck underpressure. It is based on a research from Kenneth Hansraj, M.D., Chief of Spine Surgery in New York Spine Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine. Back bone support will move from right position while we look down for long time, and it leads to pressure in spinal cord. This condition must be so painful, but we have a solution for this condition. We just need to reposition our posture. We have to be upright position as always, the ears is in line with shoulder, and the chest is lifted.

Looking down lead to backbone problem

Amy Cuddy, PhD, the researcher, said that upright posture will stimulate testosterone production, and that hormone will give us a bost of our self confident, even in bad situation. But we should be consistent, never spend our time to look our smartphone down. If we have to, we just put our smartphone in front of our sight without bend our neck.

Aging Process

Aging process is faster

A skin doctor from Beverly Hills, Stuart H. Kaplan, M. D., claimed that many young patients have a Botox medication to erase the wrinkle that is caused by spending time in front of the smartphone. He said that this things is caused by  checking our smartphone in continously, perhaps just check notification or send a chat, it feels like an ordinary life, isn't it? But in period, if we always do that activities, it can be a bad sircumsatances, does not it?

To protect our selves from those bad behavior, we just need to stop spend our time in front of the smartphone, and let our neck relax. Yoga maybe can help us, because yoga can help our neck in relax condition, strenght our shoulder muscles, back, and neck. Beside that, yoga can help circulation in our skin.

Psychology Changes

Lonelyness

let me ask you a question again, what are you doing if you wait someone or in queque standing? Nowadays, people will use thier smartphone. Perhaps we do not realize it, but this habit will make us clumpsy in social life, and continously we may be an antisocial.

Lonelyness

If we usually contact people in online, we may be afraid have a contact with people in real life. So, leave this habit now. Leave our smartphone sometime, and communicate with people around us. Verbal communicaton is like a best way to know each other and socialize with people. Do not try to change verbal comunication with digital conversation.

Addictive

Phoen addiction

The negative impact of smartphone lead to addiction, we always want to non-stop connect 24 hours. This condition  make the smartphone users know about update news, include chatting with other people. Their pleasure is when receive an email or massage.  The researche from Ruthgers University state that to cure smartphone addiction need narcothic-like treatment.

Disturb Sleep Pattern.

Sleep pattern disturbance

Let we think again, while we hear a ring from our smartphone as a notification of email or messeges. What will we do? Of course we feel so curious if we do not find the notifications. This pleasure spend bed time at night, whereas rest is very important for our body to restore the energy and organ reparation after we use it all day long. There are many researches that prove the negative effects if we have bad rest at night. It can be decrease in productivity, accident, and low immune system. So, turn off our smartphone while we want to sleep, this is the most simple action, but the benefits are more.

Decrease in Productivity

Productivity is decrease

None abjures the sophisticated of smartphone nowadays to fulfill our communication needs. But, this device lead to addiction, bother the concentration, and seize bed time. Based on the research from MIT Sloan School of Management, it said that Blackberry users have a negative effects in workplace, such as like unreachable death line because of divided-concentration of smartphone users.

Brain Damage

Brain damage ilustration

Brain can receive the negative effects of smartphone; it is because of the radiation. Although this case is still in controversial, but some researchers found that smartphone radiation leads to brain tumor and insomnia. Spending much time in front of the smartphone is really bad, include nausea and headache.

Insomnia

Insomnia

Computer, laptop, tablet, and smartphone tend to have a blue light; this light can bother the sleeping hormone. So, we need to dim the smartphone light screen for insomnia prevention. And it is better if we put our smartphone away from us during bed time,

Relationship Problem

We usually think that smartphone is like a good stuff for better communication, but according to psychology from University of Bedfordshire, Dr. Emma Short, technology can make us hard to manage our line. The more we have a time in social media, such as Twitter and Facebook, the more time we spend without a friend, family, and college. So, we need to limit our time for social media, we have to turn off our smartphone during dinner with our family, gathering with friends, it is also a simple action, but it can keep our relationship with people we love.

Relationship problems

In summary, smartphone is not only have a bad effects, but it has many positive side. We just need to know the negative effects and we should prevent it before it threats our health. For negative effects, those effects are very bad for our life. It can harm our lifes, especially for active smartphone users.  And now, we should manage our time for spending time in front of the smartphone.

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Medical Treatment from West to East

Prevention is The Best Cure

East medical treatment is much more complicated to understand. We may say that the east medical treatment is very different from every country. For instance, acupuncture, massage, shiatsu (from Japan), and moxibustion (traditional medication from China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Tibet, and Mongolia). We may think that the traditional medication is like God's help, it is because of no medication explanation yet.

We believe that west medication is much more easy to understand, it is because the west medical treatment is talking about the disease in detail (pathology). It can explain the disease cause and process, so that the cure can be reach fast. In fact, west and east medical treatment is different in many things. West medical treatment usually comprehensive diagnosis method such as like Rontgen, or blood analysis, it will make us feel so sure about it.

In east medical treatment is like an ancient way to understand the process of the disease. It is like no philosophy basis and difficult to understand. But let we think, which is the best treatment? I am sure the east medication is the best medication. But the process of east medication cannot be explained scientifically.

Acupuncture

The purpose of east medication is to prevent the disease, it means that keep the human body in optimum function before get sick. In clinic usually just cure the problem without prevent the disease.

Now we are talking about the best therapy or medication, the best way is to cure the disease and prevent all of potential disease that may attack us. In short, there are three best medication for us, it 'three in one'. Those are Food (high protein and low carbo diet; Exercises ( to burn fat and build the muscle), and the last one is meditation. With all of these medication, I believe that it can restore the health for risky people with bad life style. It is not only for physical problems, but also for mental problems.

The secret why those ' three in one' medication can cure the disease well is hormone condition. Its hormone is happiness hormone. In every human's brain, the morphine like hormone is released. Beside of restore the mood circumstances, this hormone has a best work in pharmacotherapy such as like an anti-aging and self-recovery. If this happiness hormone is released in right dose, the effects are not only in brain, but also whole body. This hormone is already known for many years, people believed that its effects is only for analgesic or painkiller, nothing special with this hormone. The recent experiment shows that this hormone has a potential and amazing effects.

If somebody is getting mad, the brain will release a hormone called noradrenaline, this is a toxic hormone. This hormone is much more toxic than a snake poisons. And of course this hormone is only released in small amount in brain. But if someone always getting mad and under pressure continuously, this hormone will take control, the result is a disease will get, then the aging process will occur fast, and even death. I assumed that noradrenaline has an important role in every disease.

Noradrenaline

In other side, there is a hormone called beta-endorphin, this is the most important happiness hormone. This hormone has a relation with noradrenaline hormone. Inside the brain, if toxic noradrenaline is released, beta-endorphin hormone will block it. For instance, if somebody does not like something, but he or she assume and overcome it with positive and affirmative ways, the brain will release useful hormone for body. Otherwise, if someone is so mad, wanted a revenge, and sad, the hormone that is released is toxic substances. If we face all of things in positive ways and keep looking forward, the health will be okay and our life will be free of diseases. Beside that, if we experience painful experiences and unhappy feeling, resistance reaction will occur and the result is noradrenaline will take control. Despite if we learn to be patient in overcome the hardest step of life, the happiness hormone will flow smooth.

Beta Endorphin

In one condition a smoker think, "this is bad for my life," and smoke his or her cigarettes in uncomfortable feeling, bad things will occur twice. Then if a smoker smokes his or her cigarettes and think, "Ah... this is really good!" happiness hormone will flow and negative effects of cigarettes will decrease.

When we have delicious foods in front of us, we feel comfortable such as like after exercise, study, and work. We feel so happy if we can help people or make a world to be a better place. In summary, our health is depend on our mind set. Scientifically it had been proofed that our mind set will take us to be healthy or sick.

Happiness Hormone Prevent Diseases.

Happiness hormone has amazing function, beta-endorphin is the perfect example, it can stimulate immune system. Altough the infection disease from bacteria or virus almost can not be attacked by positive thinking directly, but it can stimulate the immune system, so the positive thinking can be so useful for against infection disease such as AIDS.

Among AIDS patients, they perhaps have a contact with AIDS patients before, but they have different result, there are infected and uninfected by HIV. Among AIDS patients, there are getting worse condition fast, despair to find help everywhere, and they do not make it. But there are AIDS patients that is still okay for years because of enthusiasm and have a good meditation program. In this case, we can conclude that immune system can be stimulated by happiness hormone.

Not all of people can be infected by HIV, but we have potential to have a lifestyle disease, such as heart disease. well, toward this kind of disease, happiness hormone has enormous effects.

We live in stressful life, and if we feel so stress, the toxic hormone will be released (we have already talked about it). If this hormone is released in right dose, it does not matter, even it is useful for the body, but if it is over dose, it can constrict the blood vessel in the heart.

Blood vessel constriction will be hypertension, and it is easy to block the blood flow. If the big vein in brain is blocked, it will lead to stroke. Capillary blood vessel in brain leads to dementia. Happiness hormone helps recover blood vessel into normal condition, and keep the blood flow flows smoothly without obstacles. Most of lifestyle disease causes atherosclerosis or a plaque in the blood vessels wall, so the happiness hormone can avoid this disease.

Nowadays, oxygen active and its effects to health are trending topic. There are two kinds of this dangerous molecule:

1. Oxygen active production during oxygen metabolism from oxygen consumption.
2. Atmosphere oxygen active.

In the body, oxygen active lead to oxidation, aging process, and gen mutation. Because of oxygen active is always in the human body, if we have an activity that use so much energy, the body will produce a substance that neutralized toxic oxygen. The most important substance is SOD (Superoxide Dismutase Enzyme) that is produced in cells. If the SOD is produced in right dose, active oxygen will not enough to make problems. In fact, brain development stopped when we reach 25 year old, so the body is hard to produce "SOD former substance". Then, oxygen active or free radical is free, it will lead to chronic disease and accelerate aging process. Beside that, acid substances will increase if noradrenaline is distributed. so, if we want to keep our brain young , it is important to keep control the toxic substances in our body.

Recent research prof that if brain cells is still young, oxygen active effects is low. It is because of happiness hormone keep the Brain cells young, we actually can defeat the biggest rivals of health such as aging and diseases through positive thinking and it will lead to happiness hormone continuously.

Beside that, happiness hormone have benefits in memorizing, enthusiasm, coping, and our creativity. Some drugs have a nature morphine in their ingredients. In this kind of morphine, it may lead to addiction; but no addiction in happiness hormone and we must not worry about it. Bad effect of narcotics is already known. To get happiness we do not need to approach the risky steps because our God had already given us happiness hormone, in one condition we have to live like happy, healthy, long live, and free from disease. In summary, happiness hormone is like a gift from the creator for us.

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Mastitis or Breast Infection Care

Mastitis is usually during lactation

Post-partum period is a period between the delivery until the reproduction system back to normal condition. We need to underline that this period is in non-pregnant condition, but in pregnancy. This period is also called puerperal period. The recovery period will back in 6 weeks postpartum.

Pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding is a physiological process that needs to be prepared by the women or couples so that this period will be safe. During pregnancy, the mother and the fetus is an integral function units that can not separate between them.

Breast Anatomy

The breast anatomy consist of alveoli, lactiferous duct, lactiferous sinus, ampulla, pore papilla and alveolar edge. Lymphatic drainage of the breast approximately 75% to the axilla or armpit area. Another lymphatic drainage is to parasternal nodes, in detail to central and medial area and some interpectoral gland.

Breast Function

Breast has three changes that affected the hormone. The first change starts from child to puberty, fertility period, climacteric, and menopause. Since puberty period, the influence  of estrogen and progesterone produced by the ovaries and pituitary hormones, it will cause growing and development of ductal acini.

The second change is the changes in the menstrual cycle. After the eighth day of menstruation, breasts become larger and in a few days before the next menstruation the breast will be maximum size. Sometimes the breast is felt painful and swollen. For several days before menstruation breast becomes tense and painful toward physical examination, especially palpation assessment. In the mammogram assessment is not assessable because the contrast of the breast is too large. When enter the menstruation time, the pain and swelling is reduced.

The third change occurs during pregnancy and lactation. In pregnancy, the breasts become larger because lobule ductal epithelium and alveolar ducts proliferate, develop and grow new duct.

The secretion of the hormone prolactin from the anterior pituitary gland inside the brain will trigger lactation. The milk produced by the cells of the alveoli, acini fill, then it will excrete through the ducts to the nipple.

Definition Mastitis

Mastitis is an inflammation in the breast because of infection or non-infection. The infection usually caused by staphylococcus aureus through the wound in nipple or blood flow. This disease usually occurs in lactation period , so it is usually called lactation mastitis or mastitis puerperal. This disease can be fatal if there is no adequate treatment.

Breast abscess or local pus is a severe complication in mastitis. Mastitis can be divided in many type based on its causes and condition.

1. Mastitis based on its location:
2. Mastitis that cause abscess under areola
3. Mastitis in the middle of breast
4. Mastitis under dorsal glands and its abscess in the muscle.

Mastitis based on its causes:

Periductal Mastitis

Periductal mastitis occurs in woman before menopause, the cause of this mastitis is unknown. This condition usually called ectasia duct, it means blockage in breast duct.

Lactational or Puerperal Mastitis

This mastitis usually occurs in pregnancy and lactation. The main cause of this mastitis are germs in mother breast that transmitted to nipple by direct contact.

Mastitis Supurative

Mastitis supurative is common mastitis, this cause of mastitis is staphylococcus, fungi, TBC, and syphilis. TBC infection needs extra intensive treatment. If the treatment is not complete, the breast removal can be done for it.

Etiology

The main cause of mastitis is breast milk stasis and infection. Breast milk stasis is usually the primary cause which may be make infection in it.

Breast Milk Statis

Breast Milk statis will occur if breast milk is not flow efficiently. This condition occurs when breast produce immediately after birth and the baby does not suck milk, baby's power is bad in sucking breast milk, ineffective in sucking, restrictions on the frequency / duration in breastfeeding, blockage of the ducts, high milk supply and breastfeeding for twin.

Infection

The most common organisms found in mastitis and breast abscess are Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus albas. Escherichia coli and Streptococcus sometimes can be found. Mastitis may be found as a complication of typhoid fever.

Staphylococcus Aureus

Predisposition factors

Some factors that may increase the risk of mastitis:

Age

21-35 years old women are more often suffer from mastitis than women under 21 years old or above 35 years old.

Parity

Mastitis is usually in first pregnancy.

Mastitis History

The first mastitis attacks tend to be recurrent, this is because of poor breastfeeding techniques.

Childbirth

Complications of delivery may increase the risk of mastitis disease, but the use of oxytocin hormone does not increase the risk of mastitis disease.

Nutrition

Salt and high fat intake and anemia lead to mastitis. Antioxidants such as like vitamin E, vitamin A and selenium may reduce the risk of mastitis.

Immune Factors

Immune system play role in protecting the infection. Immune factors in breast milk may provide a defense mechanism in the breast.

Stress and Fatigue

Women who is sick and fever often feel tired and want to rest, but it is unclear whether fatigue can cause this condition or not.

Work

This mastitis can be caused by breast milk static, it is because of the long interval between breastfeeding and lack of time in spending adequate breast milk.

Trauma

Trauma in breast can damage breast gland tissue and ducts and this can cause mastitis.

Mastitis Sign and Symptoms

1. Breast pain, tension, or swelling
2. Redness with clear boundaries
3. Usually only affect one breast
4. Occurred between 3-4 weeks postpartum

Prevention

Breast care during lactation is an important effort to prevent mastitis. The breast care consists of cleaning the breast with soap before and after feeding to remove scale and dried milk. Besides that breast care also can prevent the baby from infection. If there is an injury to the nipples, the baby should not breastfeed in mother's milk until the wound healed. Breast milk can be excreted by a massage.

Breastfeeding Position

The position of the baby during breastfeeding is very important in effectiveness breastfeeding and prevent breast milk stasis, then make sure the mother hug her baby properly. The young mother will need help in breastfeeding.

Correct breastfeeding position:

1. Mother's arm sustains his baby's head, neck, and the baby's body (baby's head and body are in a straight line) baby's face is facing the mother's breast. Put the baby's nose in front of mother's breast, the baby's position should be in front of the mother's stomach.
2. Mothers makes the baby close to the body and the mothers must observe the baby during breastfeeding.
3. Mother put the nipple to baby's mouth, wait until the baby's mouth is wide open and then put the baby's mouth to the mother's nipple so that the baby's lips can catch the nipple.

Correct breast feeding position

Good breastfeeding in baby must:

1. Chin touches the breast.
2. Mouth wide open.
3. The baby's nose touching the breast.
4. The baby's mouth covers the areola.
5. The infant's tongue sustain the nipple and lower areola.
6. Babies suck deep, strong, and slowly.

Treatment

Soon after mastitis was diagnosed, breast that has mastitis is stopped and antibiotics is prescription. By this treatment, the abscess is often preventable because it is usually caused by Stapilococus aureus infection. Penicillin in high enough doses can be prescribed too. Before penicillin prescription, it can test the infection in breast milk, so that the cause of mastitis is completely known and the best antibiotic can be prescribed. If there is an abscess and pus removed, next is installed pipes to the middle of the abscess so that the pus can come out constantly.

In summary, mastitis is an infection that occurs in 1-2% of women who are in lactation period. Mastitis is common disease in 1-5 weeks after childbirth, especially in first pregnancy. Infection occurs through wounds on the nipple, but possibly also through blood circulation. Mastitis is characterized by pain in the breast, redness, swollen breast area, fever, and the patient feels weak and no appetite. Mastitis occurred a few weeks after childbirth. The common causes are Stapilococus aureus infection.

Mastitis is treated with antibiotics prescription. Breast infection or mastitis should be concerned by mothers who had just had childbirth. These infections usually occur approximately two weeks after childbirth, mastitis is caused by bacteria that live on the surface of the breast. Fatigue, stress, and tight clothing can cause blockage of the breast ducts, if it is not treated properly it leads to abscess and worse is breast removal.

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Know Schizophrenia in Easy Way

Definition of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a major mental disorder with many symptoms such as like delusions (the belief in something that is not real) and hallucinations (the belief in seeing or hearing something that does not exist or is not real). There are 3 negative symptoms that recognized in DSM-IV :

Illustration of Schizophrenia

Affective flattening

Loss of emotional responses toward the environment around. (facial expression does not change for long time, speaking with a monotonous intonation, and the patients have no eye contact when talking to other people).

Alogia

Reduced or loss of speaking ability. (the patients do not have initiative or start to communicate with others, if they are asked, they will answered with a brief answers or it may be not the right answer).

Avolition

Inability to focus in an activity that leads to the goal of that activity,  it may be in work, school, etc. (the patient may only sit all day without doing something, withdrew from the social, social isolation).

Schizophrenia Types

There are 3 types of schizophrenia:

1. Paranoid Type (Absurd thoughts, illogical, delusional changing, unpredictable, over thinking about important things, power, knowledge, or identity).
2. Catatonic type (Extreme withdrawal from social life, the most common behavior in this type of schizophrenia is silent for the long term).
3. Disorganization Type (Over thinking in doing something, focus on the religious and philosophical problem. This type does not have clear delusions or hallucinations, the patients mind and behavior are very disorganized. For instance: the way they talk is difficult to understand, not systematic, emotional blowing such as laughing or crying so hard).

Based on DSM-IV-TR, schizophrenia criteria are:

1. There are two or more symptoms with a significant symptoms at least one month: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior or catatonic behavior, negative symptoms.
2. Social and working function is decrease since the onset of these disorders.
3. The symptoms of disorders occur for at least six months; at least one month of mild symptoms on the first point above, mild negative symptoms or other symptoms on the first point.

Etiology

Heredity

There are abnormal genes that increase the schizophrenia development and increase the severity of the disorder.

Abnormal Brain Structure

Scientists believe that there is a different in the people brain with schizophrenia with normal one. The main structure of the brain is abnormal ventricular part of the brain, it tends to be ventricle enlargement (enlarged ventricle). Ventricle is a fluid-filled cavities in the brain. This enlargement triggered atrophy and deterioration in other brain tissues. People with schizophrenia tend to show an abnormality in social function, emotion and behavior before they develop primary symptoms of schizophrenia (core symptoms).

Schizophrenia Brain Abnormality

Birth Complications

Serious complications during the prenatal period and pregnancy problems is like a common history of people with schizophrenia.

Cross-Cultural Perspective

Culture is very diverse in explaining schizophrenia. There is a belief that this problem is caused by a biological disorder and stress, lack of knowledge of spiritual and family dynamics.

Neurotransmitters

dopamine neurotransmitters plays a role in schizophrenia. The symptoms of schizophrenia is caused by dopamine level in the brain, especially in the frontal lobes and the limbic system.

Schizophrenia Theories

Psychodynamic

Earlier psychodynamic theorists assume that schizophrenia is the result of various negative experiences that occurred in the early days of life (childhood) between a child and her or his primary caregiver (mother). Nowadays, there are many researches that examine the family interaction and schizophrenia which focuses on a family stress whether it can increase or reduce the disorder schizophrenia.

Cognitive and Behavioral Perspectives

Behaviorism belief that this mental disorder is caused by a wrong caring that makes the patient does not know how to respond toward a stimulus that is socially acceptable. Some experts consider that the cognitive deficit is a fundamental in the perception and attention  as a basic biology.

Learning Perspectives

Ullman and Krasner believe in patients with schizophrenia is probably grow in a nonreinforcing environment because of the influence of bad parenting patterns or environmental influences. According to Sullivan, schizophrenia is caused by the social rejection because the "weird" label. This weird behavior pattern can be strengthened by a reinforcement that is accidentally received from the environment as an attention and sympathetic expression.

Psychosocial Factors

Psychosocial factors shows a hereditary factors that are getting powerful along of the day, psychological trauma, the parent and child relationship are pathogenic, and pathogenic interactions within the family.

Prevention

Primary Prevention

This primary prevention is to prevent the patients with schizophrenia by encouraging the development of effective treatment in health and behavior, biological, psychosocial and sociocultural. These program should be considered well such as like health care, prenatal and postnatal care, and public education about mental health.

Secondary Prevention

Prevention of this stage is to emphasis on early detection and handling maladaptive behaviors in families and communities.

Tertiary Prevention

Tertiary Prevention is after the mental health disorder, this prevention is better to engage support and appropriate treatment to patients, the purpose is to prevent mental disorder become chronic and allow individuals to have a healthy mental as soon as possible.

Treatment for Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia treatment usually takes long term of treatment, even if the symptoms have already gone . It is because the symptoms of schizophrenia can back again at any time.

Schizophrenia is treated with a combination between medication and therapy (psychological treatment). In acute symptoms of schizophrenia, hospitalization in a psychiatric hospital may be necessary to ensure the nutrition, hygiene, rest, and provide the personal safety of patients and the people around them.

Drugs Treatment

Drugs are the first treatment of schizophrenia. The drugs are prescribed by doctors, and its drugs are antipsychotics. Antipsychotics involve the performance of dopamine and serotonin in the patients brain. This medication can prevent, reduce, and even eliminate the hallucinations, delusions, agitation, and anxiety in patients with schizophrenia.

Patients who use antipsychotic, their behavior is not as aggressive as other patients who did not use these drugs. Moreover, according to a research, those antipsychotics prescription can not be recurrence after his condition improved.

Anti-psychotic can be used in two ways, namely by mouth or injected. For patients with schizophrenia who have been through a period of acute administration of antipsychotics should be administered as a preventive measure.

There are two categories of antipsychotic drugs, those are antipsychotics old generation (fluphenazine, perphenazine, chlorpromazine and haloperidol) and the new generation (clozapine, ziprasidone, quetiapine, olanzapine, risperidone, aripiprazole, and paliperidone)

Side effects those drugs are only in the old antipsychotics generation, the common side effects are muscle twitching, trembling body, and muscle spasms. There are side effects on both types of antipsychotics are weight gain, constipation, drowsiness, blurred vision, dry mouth, and decreased sex desire.

Currently a new antipsychotics generation are the most common and recommended by doctors because it has fewer side effects than the old one.

Psychological Treatment

After schizophrenia symptoms is gone or during the drugs treatment, patients need psychological treatment. There are some things that are included in this psychological treatment.

Individual Therapy

The first is individual therapy. At this therapy the patient is taught how to cope to stress physical or psychological and  they need to control schizophrenia by identifying signs of early recurrence. This therapy is also useful to restore their confidence. Individual therapy is also useful to re-develop their ability to work in next the routine life.

Moreover, in individual therapy, patients with schizophrenia will also be taught about the ways to control emotion and thought patterns. The goal is to replace negative thinking with positive thinking.

Social Skill Therapy

The second is social skills therapy. In this therapy the patient is taught how to improve communication and interaction with other people.

Family Counseling

And the third is dedicated to family counseling. This therapy is to provide education and same perception on families of schizophrenics, it is about how to resolve problems due to the symptoms that appear sometime, and how to provide support for people with schizophrenia.

Summary

In summary, Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder and chronic classification of mental disorder(psychotic). Generally this mental disorder characterized by distorted thinking, and affective disorders. Schizophrenia  is caused by many things, such as like an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain, education and mental development since childhood, psychosocial stress, chronic mental disorder, and it is easy to be recurrent. It is like the patients can not be normal again along of their life. The symptoms of chronic schizophrenia has made schizophrenia treatment become monotonous and boring for the patients. The psychiatry and health care workers love to give drugs  treatment than electric convulsive therapy (ECT). In the development of drugs treatment, this medicine is capable to provide a better quality of healing, especially for those who are resistant to certain drugs. However, these drugs coast is so high. It becomes a big problem and a huge obstacle for the patients with schizophrenia who generally come from lower socioeconomic society.

Some surprising thing is in a psychiatric congress and seminar on an international scale have demonstrated the superiority of the usefulness of psychotherapy for psychiatric cases. Apparently there is a new hope and optimism to cure schizophrenia in the whole world with comprehensive treatment.

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Kidney Stone's Complete Information

Kidney stone is urinary stones (urolithiasis), it had been known since Babylon era and ancient Egypt with the discovery of stones in the mummy bladder. Urinary tract stones can be found in the urinary tract; the kidney Calix system, pielum, ureters, bladder and urethra. These stones may form in the kidneys and then travel to the lower urinary tract or it can be formed in the lower urinary tract due to stasis of urine movement such as bladder stones due to prostatic hyperplasia or urethra stones in the urethra diverticula condition.

Kidney Stone

Urinary tract stone disease spreads throughout the world with distinction in many developing countries found a stone in inner urinary tracts, while in developed countries is more common in upper urinary tract stones, this difference is influenced by the nutritional status and activities daily living. The average prevalence rate in worldwide is about 1-12% of the population suffer from urinary tract stones.

Definition of Kidney Stone

Kidney stone is a condition where the hard material block the urinary tract or kidney itself. The material comes from residual substances in the blood, its residual substances become hard and crystal in time. Sedimentary stone in the kidneys can be caused by many things such as food or other health problems. Based on the types of kidney stones, these conditions can be divided into four main types, the differences are only in stone substance; calcium stones, uric acid stones, struvite stones and cystine stones.

Kidney stone is a condition where there is accumulation of minerals in the kidneys. The minerals that accumulate become solid and its components are from urine concentrate or waste product. Kidney stone is usually called nephrolithiasis.

A human has two kidney in the body, its position lies behind the stomach and in front of the spine. Human kidney is like a bean-shaped and it has 4 inches size. To know more about kidney function, you may click here.

Kidney's function is like an organ that responsible for the disposal of residual substances from the blood or body fluid, in general the kidney will make the blood becomes clean and then flows out from the body. The last product of the substances form urine and it will excrete out the body.

So, when kidney stones are formed, inside the kidney there will be a small or large lump that formed stone. The condition occurs due to the deposition of substances such as uric acid and calcium, which should not remain in the body. This condition will make renal colic occurs when the kidney stone that is in the body, it will be so painful for the patients.

Kidney stone is usually found around 30 to 60 years old. The problem will appear if the stone blocked the urinary tracts. If the condition is not serious, kidney stones can be excreted without pain and not even felt at all when urinating. Not only that, the serious condition of kidney stones will block the urinary system, especially the ureter, renal channel, and the bladder. Urethra or urine tubes which are like a pathways will be blocked. On any part of blockage, the patient will always feel serious pain in the abdomen, it leads to urinary tract infections.

In addition, residual substances that form kidney stones will be hard accumulate little by little and become kidney stones. This condition can occur because of the habit, such as like lack of drinking water. However, if you are taking certain types of drugs, the drugs have also the potential to increase the levels of chemicals accumulation in the urine and it will contribute kidney stones formation.

Basically human immune system will naturally recognize kidney stones as foreign bodies that live inside the body. Consequently, when a kidney stone is forced to come out of the urinary tract. When the size of kidney stones are too large, the patients need X-ray or ultrasound to break the stone into smaller size pieces, and the result is small kidney stone formed and it is easy to excrete. Treatment of kidney stones is often still have a percentage of failure that still had to do kidney stone surgery.

Unfortunately, once the patients are suffering from kidney stones, then it has a high recurrence after recovered from kidney stone.

Etiology

The cause or etiology of kidney stones is definitely unknown. In many cases it probably due to hyperparatirodisme which can cause the occurrence of hypercalciuria. Sometimes it can be caused by a bacterial infection such as Proteus, pseudomonas, staphylococcus alba and several types coli.

Causes the formation of urinary tract stones associated with urinary tract disorders, metabolic disorders, urinary tract infections, dehydration and other circumstances that remain unclear (idiopathic).

Epidemiologically, there are several factors that facilitate the occurrence of urinary tract stones, those are distinguished into two factors; intrinsic and extrinsic factors.

Intrinsic Factors are:

1. Hereditary; it maybe from closest relatives from generation to generation.
2. Age; it is most often obtained at the age about 30-50 years.
3. Sex; the number men suffering with this disease is 3 times more than women patients.

Extrinsic Factors include:

1. Geography; in certain areas have a higher incidence than other areas.
2. Climate and temperature.
3. Fluid intake; lack of water intake and high levels of mineral calcium may increase the incidence of urinary tract stones.
4. Diet; a diet that is high ingredient of purine, oxalate and calcium will facilitate the occurrence of urinary tract stones.
5. Occupation; This disease is often found in people who work a lot of sitting or lack of physical activity (sedentary lifestyle).

Kidney Stone Formation

1. The formation of urinary stone have three theories, those are:
2. Nucleation theory: stones formed in the urine tract because of stone belt (nucleus). Particles that are too thick solution will settle in the nucleus, then it will form stones immediately. This stone belt can be crystal or foreign objects in urinary tract.
3. Matrix theory: organic matrix such as like urinary proteins (albumin, globulin and mucoprotein) are as a framework for formation of stone.
4. Crystallization inhibitor theory: Urine normally contains the crystal-forming inhibitors, those are magnesium, citrate, pyrophosphate, mucoprotein and peptides. If the levels of one or more of these substances is decrease in the body, it will help the formation of stones in the urinary tract.

Type of Kidney Stones

In general, the kidney stones contain elements such as calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, magnesium-ammonium-phosphate (MAP), xanthine and cysteine. Good information about this composition is important in the prevention of the possibility of recurrent kidney stones.

Calcium stones

Calcium stones (calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate) are most commonly found in kidney stone around 75-80%. Factors that lead to calcium stone formation are:

1. Hypercalsiuria: urine calcium level is over 250-300 mg / 24 hours, it may occur because of increased calcium absorption in the intestine (absorptive hypercalciuria), in a condition such as like inability calcium reabsorption in the renal tubules (renal hypercalciuria) and an increase in bone resorption (hypercalciuria resoptif) as the primary hiperparatiridisme or parathyroid tumors.
2. Hyperoxaluria: Urine oxalate excretion is over 45 g / 24 hours, this circumstance is found in patients with post-surgical gastro intestinal and consumption of oxalate-rich foods such as tea, instant coffee, soft drinks, cocoa, strawberry, lemon and green vegetables, especially spinach.
3. Hyperuricosuria: urine uric acid levels is over 850 mg / 24 hours. Uric acid in the urine can be an indicator for formation of calcium oxalate stones. Uric acid in the urine can come from the  rich purine foods or derived from endogenous metabolism.
4. Hypocytraturia: In urine, citrate reacts with calcium to form calcium citrate, thus blocking the binding of calcium with oxalate or phosphate. Hypocitraturia circumstances can occur in renal tubule acidosis disease, malabsorption syndrome or the use of thiazide diuretics in the long term consumption.
5. Hypomagnesiuria: just like citrate, magnesium reaction is as an inhibitor of calcium stones because urine magnesium will react with oxalate into magnesium oxalate, then it will prevent calcium oxalate bond.

Struvite Stones

Struvite stones is also known as infection stones, the stone formation is triggered by a urinary tract infection. Germs that cause these infections are breaking urea group bacterial (urea splitter such as Proteus spp., Klebsiella, Serratia, Enterobacteria, Pseudomonas and staphylococci). These bacteria produce the enzyme urease and transform urine into alkaline by hydrolysis of urea into ammonia. It facilitates alkaline salts of magnesium, ammonium, phosphate and magnesium ammonium carbonate to form  magnesium-ammonium-phosphate (MAP) and carbonate.

Uric Acid Stones

Uric acid stone is about 5-10% of all urinary tract stones, this uric acid substance may be got by patients with gout, myeloproliferative diseases, patient with drug cytostatic and uricosuria (sulfinpyrazone, thiazide and salicylate), obesity, alcoholism and high-protein diets have a high risk for having this disease. Factors that contribute the formation of uric acid stones are: urine is too acidic (pH <6, urine volume <2 liters / day or dehydration and hyperuricosuria.

Kidney Stone Sign and Symptoms

The most common sing and symptoms that is felt by the patient are low back pain, decrease urine output, urine retention, fever if there is an infection in the urinary tracts, nausea, vomit, hematuria or blood in urine, abdomen distention, and anuria bilateral obstruction.

According to Smeltzer in his book (perioperative nursing care) describes the patients complaints are depends on the location and the size of the stones. On physical examination there may be a pain in the urinary system area, kidney can be touched as the result of hydronephrosis, renal failure signs, urinary retention and infection can be obtained if the kidney stone is accompanied by fever.

Here is some of the clinical picture of nephrolithiasis:

1. Stone, especially the small ones in ureter, it may not cause symptoms.
2. Stone in the bladder can cause pain in the lower abdomen. Stones that obstruct the ureter, renal pelvis or renal tubules can cause back pain or renal colic (severe colicky pain). Renal colic is like intermittent pain and it is usually in the area between the ribs and hips, abdomen, pubic area, and inner thighs.
3. Symptoms are nausea and vomiting, abdominal distention, fever, and blood in the urine. Patients always want to urinate, especially when stones pass through the ureter.
4. Stones in the urinary tract can cause urinary tract infections. If the stones blocked the urine flow, microorganism will trapped in urinary tract, so the infection will occur. If the blockage is remain there in long time, the urine will flow back into the channel in the kidney, it will lead to hydronephrosis and it could damage the kidneys or kidney failure.

Diagnosis Test of Kidney Stone

1. Renal physiology test
2. Urine sediment test
3. X-ray to show the majority of kidney stones
4. Urography to confirm the diagnosis and determine the size and location of the kidney stone.
   Renal ultrasound to detect the changes of obstruction such as unilateral or bilateral hydronephrosis.
5. Laboratory examination
6. Routine laboratory tests that need to examine are:
   • Urine Sediment to determine erythrocytes, leukocytes, bacteria (nitrite), and the pH of urine.
   • Serum creatinine to determine kidney function.
   • C-reactive protein, leukocyte count of B cells, and urine culture is usually tested in fever.
   • Sodium and potassium are examined during vomiting.
   • Calcium and uric acid level to look for metabolic risk factors.

Treatment

Stones that make problems in the urinary tract should be removed as fast as it can, so the severe complication can be prevented. Indications to perform a treatment usually when the urinary tract stones have already blocked, infection, or social indications. Kidney stone can be removed with medical procedures, solved with ESWL, endourology treatment, laparoscopic surgery, or open surgery.

ESWL / Lithotripsy

ESWL is a non-invasive procedure that is used to destroy kidney stones. Once the stone is destructed into small pieces and it will getting smaller and smaller.

Endourology

Endourology method is a combination of radiology and urology to remove renal stones without major surgery.

Percutaneous Nephrostomy

Percutaneous nephrostomy is a tube installation through the skin into the renal pelvis. This procedure is performed for urine external drainage with a catheter, destroying kidney stones, dilate strictures. Ureterscopy includes visualization and ureter access by inserting an instrument through cystoscopy. Kidney stone can be destroyed using a laser, electrohydraulic lithotripsy, or ultrasound and then removed.

Kidney Stone Fluid .

After percutaneous nephrostomy is done, irrigate the warm fluid flowed continuously into the kidney stone. Irrigation fluid flows through the kidney ducts, ureter or nephrostomy tube.

Surgery

Nephrolithotomy.

Incision in the kidney to remove the stone. It can be done if the kidney stone located in the kidney.

Pielolitotomy.

It can be only done if the kidney stone located in the kidney, not in the ureter or bladder.

Drugs Treatment

1. Drugs treatment depend on types of kidney stone.
   Calcium stone: Paratirodectomy for hyperparathyroidism, limit milk and cheese consumption, potassium phosphate acid (3-6 grams per day) can reduce calcium level in urine, a diuretic (hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg for 2 times a day), or cranberry juice (200ml for 4 times a day) to acidify the urine and makes calcium level more soluble in urine.
2. Oxalate stone: limit the oxalate diet and calcium phosphate (3-5 grams of potassium phosphate acid every day), pyridoxine (100 mg, 3 times a day).
3. Metabolic stone: cysteine and uric acid precipitate in acidic urine (urine pH should be over than 7.5 by giving 4-8 ml of 50% nitric acid, 4 times a day) and tell the patient about right diet such as mineral alkaline diet, limit purine diet in patients with uric acid stones (prescribe 300mg allopurinol (zyloprin) once or twice a day). In patients sistienura, a low diet in methionine and penicillamine (4 grams per day).

Management of kidney stone treatment should be placed the patient in a room with adequate ventilation, pay attention to urine output, prevent the distension and bleeding and pay attention to the installation  location of drainage.

Kidney Stone Prevention
After the stone is removed, the most important things are to prevent a recurrence. Urinary tract stone recurrence is about 7% per year or 50% in 10 years. The prevention is based on the content of stone elements has been removed. In general, the prevention that need to be done are:

1. Avoid dehydration by drinking enough water, so the urine output will be enough about 2-3 liters per day
2. Limit the diet that lead to stone formation.
3. Exercise
4. Drugs prevention
5. Some diets are recommended for reducing recurrence are:
• Low protein, because protein will stimulate urinary calcium excretion and cause the urine to become more acid.
• Low oxalate diet.
• Low salt because natiuresis will lead to hypercalciuria.
• Low purine diet. This diet is recommended for the patients suffering from kidney disease and gout arthritis.
• Low calcium diet are not recommended except in type II absorptive hypercalciuria condition.

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